Critical essay writing
Interesting Research Paper Topics About Healthcare
Sunday, August 23, 2020
Friday, August 21, 2020
Killer Instinct Essays - Ghostface, Billy The Puppet,
Executioner Instinct by Jim Adams More than 800 individuals went to the burial service, as indicated by the neighborhood paper's estimate..... The cloudless day, lit by an early morning sun that cast delicate shadows among the grievers, was upset uniquely by the delicate mumble of the minister's voice and the removed murmur of traffic dashing past on Hwy 401. Off the clock Durham Regional Police officials got a sudden reward that morning, when they were brought in to deal with stopping issues around the burial ground and direct the apparently unending progression of flower tributes. Dark Billy he'd called himself. He'd showed up in Pickering one unremarkable day, similarly as out of nowhere as he'd left this life. No exhibition of trumpets, no pretentious declarations, no pre-battle exposure. He basically appeared at Mulligan's Bar one Sunday evening when the regulars were talking about the benefits of the Tyson/Doakes battle, and settled in the far corner close to the miniscule stage, nursing a half-16 ounces of brew. Mulligan's being the sort of spot it is, he wasn't the only one excessively long. Useta call me Black Billy, he snarled, blundering to his feet. His head dodged and evaded, body influenced, as he moved on his toes, shooting lefts and rights at a fanciful adversary. His scarred face looked pained for a second. Coulda been the Champ. Didn' get an opportunity. Said I wear' got the executioner intuition. I realize I got it. Jus' need an opportunity. His crowd gestured thankfully and traded getting looks. Billy rearranged to a stop and shook his enormous head as a colossal smile split his battered face. No utilization cryin' over spilt milk. That was quite a while back. Better believe it man, a long time prior. He expanded a huge paw and shook every individual's hand gravely. Jus' call me Black Billy, he stated, the irresistible, honest grinencompassing the whole gathering, similar to a warming light emission after a downpour storm. It was hard not to like him. Sooner rather than later, somebody who knew somebody who had a companion, had orchestrated a vocation for Billy, in the Marina at the foot of Liverpool Rd. A little housetrailer - It was simply rusting endlessly, sitting up at the bungalow, as per the proprietor - was secured and introduced in a corner, close the parking garage. Billy put in a couple of days tidying it up and airing it out, at that point he moved his pitiful assets from his impermanent home in the little inn on Hwy #2. Cushions, covers, curtains, cutlery and everything required to make a house a house were given with calm murmurs of, Here, Billy. Perhaps you can utilize this. Spouse was going to toss it out in any case, so you're welcome to it. He turned into an installation in Pickering. On the off chance that he'd lived in some interesting nation town, he'd have been known as a character. When he wasn't scratching structures, or painting the underside of yachts in the marina, he could be seen, running around in a running suit, shockingly light on his feet, as most large men are, his shoes tenderly slap-slap-slapping the walkway in a consistent, solid rythym. Every so often, he'd drop into Mulligan's to nurture a half-16 ounces of lager, and in spite of rehashed offers, was never observed to drink mutiple. No, man. Gotta remain fit as a fiddle, he'd smile. An excessive amount of o' this stuff eases back the reflexes. Much obliged in any case. He was a tranquil man, keeping himself especially to himself, except if welcome to join a gathering, which he perpetually was. All endeavors to extricate data about his previous existence were met by the equivalent large smile, and a similar stock answer. Quite a while prior, man. Useta be a contender, long time ago..... In a snapshot of shortcoming, he trusted to somebody that he hailed from Nova Scotia, and that he had no living family members. At first, the more careful guardians in the area educated their posterity not to converse with Billy, yet as time advanced he turned into a recognizable figure. Also, he'd cheerfully interfere with one of his interminable running outings to help a bothered youthful mother attempting to adapt to two children and armfuls of food supplies, or help with a heap of timber bound to become a nursery shed. He got acknowledged by everybody. He had an exceptional partiality with little children, however. They stayed nearby the marina, peering through the chainlink fence, observing Billy scratch bodies, his enormous, built body stripped to the abdomen in the mid year daylight, the perspiration beading, sparkling and framing rivulets to drench his trackpants. You a fighter, Billy?, some third-grader would squeak, starting the custom that had been performed
Sunday, July 12, 2020
Learn the Tips On How to write a Discursive Essay
Learn the Tips On How to write a Discursive Essay Before start writing discursive essay many students do not know about the meaning of discursive. So first of all you know about the of the word discursive. The term discursive is derived from the word discourse which means involving a conversation or discussion on a particular topic, issue or subject. After know about the meaning of word discursive now we will discuss on what is discursive essay? What is Discursive Essay? Summary What is Discursive Essay? Types of Discursive Essay.Pros and cons essayNotion essay or opinion essaySolution suggesting essay:How to write a Discursive Essay:Decide a topic:Consider main ideas of the topic: Write on the topic:Proofread:Problems occur in writing Essay:Examples of topic on how to write an essay:-Discursive essay writing help to get you startedEssay writing help online services features A discursive essay is an essay which include formal writing on the topic. It includes discussion on a particular topic, situation, issue or problem. These assignments are usually assigned to college students. It involves discussion. In writing a discursive essay you have to present your point of view on both sides (supportive or unsupportive) or provide unbiased point of yours on the topic. Your writing should be error free. Types of Discursive Essay. There are three types of discursive essay are as follows: Pros and cons essay. Notion essay or opinion essay. Solution suggesting essay. Pros and cons essay In this type of essay writer include both sides of the topic. Each topic should discuss thoroughly and described in detail. It includes advantages and disadvantages of the topic. The writer should provide logic, facts, reasons and research work that support his/her point of view. Notion essay or opinion essay In this essay writer opinion related to the topic is included. The writer opinion included in both introductory and conclusion part in the essay. Writer opinion should be valid and it should include facts, logic and research work that help in proving his/her point of view right. Solution suggesting essay: First of all writer find the problem or discuss a problem and then find the solutions of that problem. Introduction part explains the problem and its causes. The main body part of the paragraph include suggestions in order to solve the problem and in conclusion the writer gives his/her personal opinion in a summarized form. How to write a Discursive Essay: Here we provide right direction on âhow to write a discursive essay?â. These are the following steps which a candidate should follow: 1: Decide a topic. 2: Consider main ideas of the topic. 3: Write on the topic. 4: Proofread. Decide a topic: In the first step you should decide or select a topic on which you want to write. The main advantage of the discursive essay is that there are so many topics available in order to write an essay and the main disadvantage is that writer get confused while selecting a topic. There are two options available for you: You may choose topic from the available list. You can use your own and unique topic. Consider main ideas of the topic: The success of the discursive essay is depended upon this step. It includes the different concepts and arguments related to the topic. You must sure that you present your idea feeling yourself free and discuss the topic with enthusiasm. If you have three to five pros and cons of the topic then it would be great. You should be clearly explained to your readers why the mentioned argument is inconclusive. Write on the topic: In this you start writing on the topic which you already selected. It includes three parts: First of all, you give introduction on your topic. . It should provide information about your topic or subject so that audience can get convince with your point of view. It should end with a clear understanding of the topic or subject. Body of essay include three to five paragraphs which include your arguments, statements to discuss. Conclusion includes the complete summarized opinion of the writer. Proofread: One of the best way to become an essay writer is to be an interested reader of good writing. In this step you read your essay and pay attention how you write your discursive essay and it relate to the topic from the beginning to the end. No matter what you write, the most important part of the writing process is editing. Let your discursive essay sit for some hours. Get up and walk away from it. Do something different and then come and read your essay with your readers in mind. After reading do your editing work :- Is your point clear? Is your grammar correct? Did you make your point clear? Problems occur in writing Essay: The following are the problems faced by writer in writing discursive essay: Lack of writing skills. Difficulty in selecting the topic. Lack of confidence. Fear of failure. Disturbed by the voice of audience. Examples of topic on how to write an essay:- If you donât know where to start and donât have any idea on which topic you write your essay, then we have prepared a list of personal essay topics, which may help you to get started:- What is the best country to travel? Which car company is best in the world? Is technology addiction is a real addiction. Are plastic destroying our environment? Does use of social media impact academic performance? Once you get the clarity about the topic our experts provide you help in writing discursive essay. Discursive essay writing help to get you started If you face difficulty on how to write a discursive essay then we provide help you in writing this essay. Thousands of students worldwide taking help from us in order to write an argumentative essay. With the help of availability of writing of a discursive essay you can get the clarity of your topic and which may help in increasing the quality of your essay and help you to present your argument in an effective way. We provide help you in writing essay from selection of the topic to proofread. Essay writing help online services features We have well experienced experts who have years of experience in their teaching field. We always deliver your essay writing help within the given time. Our experts provide the essay writing help services at affordable prices. Our expert team is available for your help either itâs a day or night i.e. 24/7 help is available. Our experts first understand your topic and experience of yours on related topic and write according to it. You can ask for the changes in your essay writing from our expert anytime. Every essay writing help you get from our expert is error free. Our team of experts is completely dedicated to delivering the best essay writing services. We have many customers who are happy and a hundred percent satisfied with our services. Your doubts and queries will be answered immediately by our experts. Now you have the services available on how to write a discursive essay, receive higher score and make an impact while presenting your point of view in more confident and an effective way.
Wednesday, May 20, 2020
Prescription Drug Abuse Essay - 1136 Words
David was going through a very hard transition in his life from the elementary levels of school to high school. Along the way, he started hanging out with the wrong crowd and doing all sorts of drugs like smoking marijuana and drinking alcohol. In his senior year he realized he wanted to do something different with his life and he joined the boxing team and quit drugs, but one Saturday night that all ended. David was offered a patch that was supposed to make him feel an extremely good feeling. He didnt know what was in the patch, but it contained Fentanyl; a special pain reliever for cancer patients. His friend told him to cut open the patch and ingest what was inside. The next morning, David never woke up. Eight weeks later, his motherâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦But only 16% are talking to their children about prescription medicine (Fox News). When people usually abuse prescription drugs most commonly its for the ramifications to lose weight, to get high, and to get stronger. Ma ny people who consume drugs do not even know the catastrophic dangers that exist while consuming them. Patients donââ¬â¢t think that these medications are inherently dangerous. However, prescription drugs can be just as belligerent and detrimental to your health just like a gun or drinking alcohol can be. Most people donââ¬â¢t care to properly store them either. If prescription drugs arent treated at the recommended temperature, at the right dosage, or taken by the right person; you can take something that was meant to save lives and turn it into something that can seriously mutilate your body. One of the most dangerous prescription drugs out there now is OxyCotin. OxyCotin is a prescription drug pain reliever thats designed to slowly release medicine over time by form of a capsule. Abusers bypass that by methods of chewing, injecting, and even snorting in the drug (Meadows, Michelle). Prescription Drugs: Their Use and Abuse explains that when a person takes so much over the s afe dosage amount, the drug can actually have very different effects on your body. For example, if you overdose on OxyCotin it has the power to actually kill you (Prescription Drugs: Their Use and Abuse [3]). These sorts of drugs are alsoShow MoreRelatedPrescription Drug Abuse And Prescription Drugs Essay1413 Words à |à 6 PagesMost people are familiar with prescription medications; almost everyone has taken them at one point or another during their lifetime. Not all prescription drugs are addicting, but a large number of them are. Prescription drug abuse is a disease that has become a major problem in the United States, which affects over six-million Americans. Prescription drug abuse not only affects the individual, but can additionally have far-reaching consequences that affect family, personal health, employmentRead MoreDrugs And Prescription Drug Abuse2022 Words à |à 9 Pagesoverview of the increased use of pharmaceuticals and prescription drug abuse in the US. The sec tion continues with the relationship between illicit drugs and prescriptions, adolescentsââ¬â¢ abuse, personal and social factors; then concludes with the theoretical approach. The Social-Ecological Theory, will be applied in researching prescription drug abuse, possible influences and protective factors in adolescents in relation to prescription drug abuse, to develop focused intervention strategies and educationalRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse2011 Words à |à 9 PagesCultivating a Solution for the Youth of America Prescription drug abuse has become an epidemic across the United States, destroying and affecting many lives of young Americans. Why do so many people abuse prescription drugs? Many think that prescription drugs are safer and less addictive than ââ¬Å"street drugs.â⬠After all, these are drugs that moms, dads, and even kid brothers and sisters use. The dangers are not easily seen, but the future of Americaââ¬â¢s youth will soon be in severe danger if theRead MoreTeen Abuse Prescription Drug Abuse1422 Words à |à 6 Pagesleading drugs used and abused by teenagers in America. According to Elizabeth Larsen, ââ¬Å"The Centers for Disease Control classifies prescription drug abuse as the worst drug epidemic in United States historyâ⬠(Larsen p.4). This is the worst drug epidemic in history because of the percentage of teenage usage. Based on different studies, pills are the most commonly abused drug among twelve- and thirteen- year olds because of how easy they are t o access. In fact, many teens that abuse prescription medicationRead Moreprescription drug abuse1523 Words à |à 7 Pagesï » ¿Prescription Drug Abuse Millions of people throughout the world are taking drugs on a daily basis. If you were to ask someone why they take prescription drugs, most people would be taking them for the right reason. However, itââ¬â¢s estimated that twenty percent of people in the United States alone have used prescription drugs for non-medical reasons.1 Prescription drug abuse is a serious and growing problem that often goes unnoticed. Abusing these drugs can often lead to addiction and even deathRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse And Prescription Drugs1487 Words à |à 6 PagesPrescription Drug Abuse Prescription Drug Abuse has increased in an alarming rate over recent years! Prescription drug related deaths now outnumber those from heroin and cocaine combined. The abuse in prescription drugs in America goes back more than a hundred years ago. Prescription drug abuse is the use of a medication without a prescription, in a way other than prescribed, or for the experience or feelings elicited. Although prescription medications are intended to help individuals, they canRead MorePharmacists and Prescription Drug Abuse1420 Words à |à 6 Pagesof the highest rates for prescription drug abuse, and overdose in the nation. In order to change this it is important to understand what pharmacists do, their role in prevention, and the severity of prescription drug abuse. Pharmacists are known to dispense prescription drugs to patients and inform them about their use; However, one aspect of their career most people overlook is that Pharmacists must keep a sharp eye out for criminals looking to abuse these prescribed drugs. First, here is some importantRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse. Did You Know That Prescription1173 Words à |à 5 PagesPrescription Drug Abuse Did you know that prescription drug abuse is one of the leading causes of death in the United States? ââ¬Å"According to the Journal of the American Medical Association, two-hundred and ninety people in the United States are killed by prescription drugs every day. (White)â⬠That number is growing every year due to the lack of knowledge of prescription drugs and the potential harm they can cause. Many people are under the misconception that prescription drugs are safe becauseRead MoreTeenage Prescription Drug Abuse Essay1427 Words à |à 6 PagesTeenage Prescription Drug Abuse Years ago, the common image of an adolescent drug abuser was a teen trying to escape from reality on illegal substances like cocaine, heroin, or marijuana. Today, there is a great discrepancy between that perception and the reality of who is likely to abuse drugs. A teenage drug abuser might not have to look any further than his or her parentââ¬â¢s medicine chest to ââ¬Ëscore.ââ¬â¢ Prescription drug abuse by teens is on the rise. Also, teens are looking to prescription drugsRead MoreThe Problem Of Prescription Drug Abuse1461 Words à |à 6 Pages(Quotes about Drug Abuse). This quote by Wayne Gerald Trotman describes how heartbreaking it is to contemplate on exactly how many peopleââ¬â¢s lives have been adversely impacted as a result of abuse. Child abuse, animal abuse, and sexual abuse are all major types of abuse; however, prescription drug abuse is a problem that is drastically skyrocketing in todayââ¬â¢s society. While other addictions and abuses are equally signif icant, it is imperative that people put a stop to prescription drug abuse using two
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Police Brutality And The Police - 1337 Words
Police brutality is seen as a real problem in America today. What people do not seem to realize is that the police carry a massive burden each day. The work that officers do has the potential to be very demanding and sometimes involves dangerous situations. In these situations the officers are in the position where they may be required to use force to gain control. The continuum of force dictates the level that is most appropriate for the situation. Most people do not realize that is not the officers job the meet the force. However, it is their job to overcome the force. Police departments have very strict standard operating procedures about officer use force and how force is applied. With this paper, I will attempt to explain the continuum of force, police discretion, and why the police can do some of the things they do. The main purpose of the law enforcement is to maintain order and enforcing the laws. The police are given one toughest tasks in the world, and that is with preserva tion wellbeing of the public. When dealing with people that those that violate the law and situations that creates, the police are authorized to use as much as force as necessary and within reason to protect themselves and others. It is sometimes quiet difficult for the public to understand what is reasonable when it comes to the use of force. It is very easy to watch a video and judge when you are not in the situation or do not have the level of training that officers are given. When arguingShow MoreRelatedPolice And Police Brutality1331 Words à |à 6 Pagesquestioning if they will ever be safe in the streets again. Not everyone in the world is a criminal, but it only takes one person to ruin and blame the whole race. Police brutality is an everyday case and there has yet nothing to be done to help reduce nor stop the violence. Often people critic the duty and the responsibilities that a police officer has in this county. Their duty is far from just eating donuts and drinking coffee. The first thing someone does when they feel like their life or someoneââ¬â¢sRead MorePolice Brutality And The Police1585 Words à |à 7 PagesPolice brutality and office involved shootings have sparked national debate and created a strain between police officers and citizens. Recently, there have been more home videos that display acts of aggression by police officers. These police officers often use excessive forces or a condescending tone towards people of color which is why there needs to be a better way to mend police and civilian relationship. People should be able to trust the police in their communities rather than fear them. PoliceRead MorePolice Brutality And The Police1281 Words à |à 6 Pages Police brutality is a very controversial topic in America. Some people think that the police are protecting their community and are doing whatever it takes to keep them safe. On the other hand, a lot of Americans feel that the police are choosy, prejudice, and overall just unfair. Personally, I think it depends on the situation at hand. I have read up on some cases that I felt that the police took advantage of their powers. I have also read a couple of situations where I felt that their actionsRead MorePolice Brutality And The Police1263 Words à |à 6 Pagesso many incidents involving some sort of police brutality. The mainstream media has shown police misconduct, case after case it has become a routine and making people wonder if our officers of the law really doing their jobs? Unjustified shooting, and fatal chokingââ¬â¢s have all contributed to the problem of police brutality in America and also has bec ome very controversial. The police carry an enormous burden each day, which makes their job really hard. Police work is very stressful and involves violentRead MorePolice Brutality And The Police903 Words à |à 4 Pagesin which police killings of unarmed people have drawn national attention. For years, there has been reports of police brutality in multiple cities across the nation. Subsequently, societies faith in the police to do their job without abusing their power of authority is deteriorating. As a result, officers are reluctant to do their job because of the criticism they endure everyday. The society and officers feel threatened by each other. In order to restore the support and trust in the police to do theirRead MorePolice Brutality In The Police1031 Words à |à 5 Pagesthe police are not biased and that their use of excessive force is closely monitored. That is not true. Today many of the police, within the minority, are subjected to killing or fighting innocent people . The new definition of the police department has turned into a department that only resorts to violence as a first priority. The Police Departmentââ¬â¢s use of excessive force has brought to the attention of the people after multiple cases has happened where the Police are out of control. Police BrutalityRead MorePolice Brutality And The Police Essay940 Words à |à 4 Pages Police brutality refers to the use of excessive force against a civilian. The controversies that surround the topic of police brutality relate to different definitions and expectations over what is meant by excessive force. Indeed, police officers are expressly authorized to use necessary, reasonable force to perform their duties. As Jerome Skolnick, an influential police scholar in the United States, underscores: ââ¬Å"as long as members of society do not comply with the law and resist the police, forceRead MorePolice Brutality And The Police851 Words à |à 4 Pagesthe police, your opinion may vary. Let me ask you a question about our police force. But keep this in mind, in October 2015 alone, there was 81 deaths by the police. With that being said, whoââ¬â¢s to protect us from whose protecting the block? I don t care who you are, you have to be able to realize nowadays that the police brutality is getting out of hand, that the power surge is growing and growing. Look around, there s an increase of civilians death via cops, an increase of reports of police wrongdoingRead MorePolice Brutality And The Police1439 Words à |à 6 PagesIn todayââ¬â¢s society the police are harassed for supposedly abusing their power against people who commit crimes and innocent bystanders however the general public usually mix those two categories of people with each other. Officers are blamed for whatever course of action they decide to take in order to prevent a serious threat from arising. Consequently, the public is having a growing fear of the police, their own definitions of excessive force are biased, the police abuse their powers, etc. TheRead MorePolice Brutality And The Police800 Words à |à 4 Pagesrecent shooting death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, MO and the resulting riots, the aggressive actions taken by police units has been pulled back into the spotlight, and law enforcementââ¬â¢s right to use force has been drawn into deep debate. People are angry and cannot seem to understand why the police use force when and where they do. The have come to equate the use of force with police brutality when in reality it is a system of steps that are designed to protect innocent bystanders from potentially dangerous
Accounting in Context for Behavioral and Experimental Finance
Question: Discuss about theAccounting in Context for Behavioral and Experimental Finance. Answer: Accounting is always prone to various updation with the continuous passage of time due to which numerous concepts, as well as regulation, came into existence. It helps the accountants to provide a clear picture. Various notions in the theories of accounting can be considered to be influenced by subjectivity as the loopholes are not challenged by the regulations. Accounting as a tool can be termed as subjective, however, when it comes to accountants and the goodwill of the company it is misguided to become subjective in nature because the areas are not explored. Objectivity, neutral and value-free can be termed as a myth in the course of accounting. As discussed by Hellmann (2016), objectivity happens when the decision made in accounting are free from notions or personal thoughts of the accountants. It is critically stated that if the accountants provide their personal view then it cannot be termed as objective in nature. However, it needs to be noted that the accountants play a pivot al role because as per the situation he applies his skills and ability. When it comes to motivation of impression management three major motivations can be suggested. Firstly, the managers engage in behavior that is opportunistic in nature that leads to maximization of return and lessens the punishment on an expected note. The attainment of one or many goals or the maximization of social and material results can motivate the behavior. Moreover, the value of the outcomes those are desired impact the behavior of the impression management. When the outcomes are backed by higher value, the motivation is higher for the impression management. Further impression management behavior is even influenced by the desired and the social image that is available at the present. Secondly, Norris (2011) projects that impression management resides on the current, as well as future image of the manager that influences the strategies undertaken. Public failures may influence the individuals to get associated with impression management so that the damaged image can be repaire d. Thirdly, the preference for higher status leads to impression management. Impression management is undoubtedly a process that is fundamental and universal in nature that leads to an enhancement of the of the image of oneself in the eyes of others. It is very helpful in the sense that it provides people with the requisite skills to build a custom perception. The perception that is set in the mind of the people enables the person to build a better and enhanced version (Hellmann et. al, 2017). Hence, this process, in reality, helps in crafting new relationship and position gets altered in the society. Impression management is a common process that attracts social, as well as cultural implications enabling people to have a better version in the eyes of the public (Zinko Rubin, 2015). Going by the discussion, it can be commented that impression works in reality as it is the perception of every individual to strive for the better. References Hellmann, A 2016, The role of accounting in behavioural finance, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, vol. 9, pp. 39-42; Hellmann, A, Yeow, C de Mello, L 2017, The impact of information presentation order on the judgments of non-professional investors, Accounting and Business Research, vol 47, no.4, pp. 455-470 Norris, A.R 2011, Impression Management: Considering Cultural, Social, and Spiritual Factors, viewed 28 March 2018 Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse https://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=553 Zinko,R Rubin. M 2015, Personal reputation and the organization, Journal of Management Organization, vol21, no.2, pp. 217-236
Thursday, April 23, 2020
U.S Is On Its Way Essays - Private Equity, Corporate Finance, Bank
U.S Is On It's Way U.S Is On It's Way The Asian financial crisis serves as a timely reminder of a fact too often overlooked: Merchant banking is the leading edge of shareholder activism. Indeed, one of the chief traits shared by hard-hit Pacific Rim economies is a decided lack of such activism. As a result, their companies are less prepared than they might be for global competition. To one degree or another, much the same holds true in other markets abroad. U.S. companies, in contrast, have seen their competitive ability markedly strengthened by shareholder activism. And much credit goes to merchant banking--that is, private investors managing their own capital. True investor activism as practiced by such financial buyers has created a new model for American enterprise. That model is based on highly leveraged capital structures, on compensation and equity ownership that align the interests of managers with owners, and on effective corporate governance mechanisms to monitor and control the use of free cash flow. All have the objective of maximizing value. Contrary to popular perception, the strategies of merchant banks involve not just financial engineering, but also growth, which would not be achievable without risk capital. In the buyout world, we have seen a fundamental shift from the 1980s mantra of "unlocking value"--capitalizing on arbitrage opportunities and market inefficiencies. Today, the emphasis is on creating value by molding strategic direction, giving incentives to and empowering managers, and rationalizing operations. Increasingly, merchant banks are the key agents of change. In the 1980s, parts of the manufacturing and retailing sectors were entirely reconfigured by leveraged-buyout activity. In the 1990s, financial buyers have changed the landscape of such industries as media, broadcasting, business services, printing and publishing, and food and health services. America's technological reemergence, captured in part by the Silicon Valley phenomenon, has been fueled by venture capital. And for more mature industries, LBOs have triggered corporate renewal. Countless academic studies and real-world examples have highlighted the perils of the corporate governance status quo sans LBO: the central conflict between owners and managers over the control and use of corporate resources, the unenlightened use of free cash flow, and the scrutiny of and pressure on quarter-to-quarter earnings growth versus long-term growth and value creation. By severely constraining and imposing restrictions on the use of free cash flow, LBOs force only positive net present value capital decisions. Studies have shown that operating cash flow increased on average by about 40 percent in a one-to-four-year time frame following the transaction. With LBOs driving many companies to become more focused and better at what they do, the impact on the U.S. economy and American competitiveness has clearly been positive. Michael Jensen, of the Harvard Business School, has argued that the highly leveraged transactions of the 1980s triggered increased levels of productivity and export growth for manufacturers by eliminating excess capacity in mature industries. What academics call the Anglo-American model functions in sharp contrast to the Japanese and German relationship-based systems, which are dominated by networks of banks and corporations and, until very recently, were marked by the absence of an active market for corporate control. Remember the Japanese economic miracle? It turns out that phenomenal growth concealed the deep-seated problems of that system. Accordingly, excess capital was not being returned to investors but instead was employed in building overcapacity and many a misguided diversification initiative. Similarly, capital allocation in the German economy has been driven by the big banks, well known to have low return expectations. Yes, the results of the U.S. model for corporate control and ownership can be quite harsh--such is true capitalism. But merchant banking helps keep U.S. business focused and can be a key driver in the system. In the final analysis, merchant banking is a boon for the competitiveness of U.S. industry as we approach the next millennium.
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